Cottonmouth and Water Moccasin: Habitat and Distribution

Also known as water moccasins, cottonmouth snakes, scientifically named Agkistrodon piscivorus, are semi-aquatic pit vipers that inhabit southeastern and southwestern regions of the United States. This comprehensive guide will explore their habitats, geographic ranges, and distinguishing features to help you identify and understand these fascinating creatures.

Habitats and Characteristics

Cottonmouths, or water moccasins, are primarily found in and around freshwater environments like swamps, marshes, rivers, lakes, and ponds. These snakes are excellent at adapting to various environments, but they favor areas with dense vegetation, providing them with ideal spots for basking in the sun and hiding from predators or prey.

Geographic Range and Subspecies

The species Agkistrodon piscivorus is found across a wide geographic range in the southeastern and southwestern United States. In the eastern United States, they can be found in states such as Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Tennessee, and the Carolinas. Their range extends as far north as parts of Virginia and westward to eastern Texas. In the southwestern region, their presence can be noted in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Texas, and Virginia.

These snakes are known for their semi-aquatic lifestyle and distinctive behavior of basking in the sun on riverbanks or logs. Their dark coloration can vary from brown to black, and they are often mistaken for non-venomous water snakes. However, cottonmouths can be easily identified by their thicker bodies and the vibrant white coloration inside their mouths, which they display as a warning when threatened.

Subspecies

There are three recognized subspecies of cottonmouths, all of which share similar characteristics but have distinct geographic ranges:

Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus (Blue): Found in the southeastern United States, this subspecies includes states like Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and parts of Louisiana and Texas. Agkistrodon piscivorus conanti (Red): Primarily found in the southwestern United States, including states like Arkansas, Oklahoma, and portions of Texas and New Mexico. Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma (Green): This subspecies is found mainly in the Carolinas, Virginia, and parts of Tennessee. Intergradation: There is also evidence of intergradation between these subspecies, particularly along the transitional regions of their ranges.

For a detailed visual representation of the geographic distribution and subspecies range, you can refer to [1]. Campbell JA and Lamar WW (2004) in their work “The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere” provide comprehensive descriptions and illustrations of these fascinating creatures.

Conclusion

Cottonmouths and water moccasins are fascinating and adaptable species, playing crucial roles in the ecosystems of their native regions. By understanding their habitats and geographic ranges, you can appreciate these snakes and their importance in maintaining the balance of their environments.

References:

Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London. 870 pp. 1500 plates. ISBN 0-8014-4141-2.