The Art of Fighter Jet Formation Flying: Closeness and Precision

Flying fighter jets in formation is a skill that requires a combination of experience, precision, and teamwork. This article explores the techniques, challenges, and significance of close formations in fighter jets, focusing specifically on the Thunderbirds and Navy formations.

Formation Techniques: Closeness and Communication

Formation flying is a critical aspect of military aviation, especially for organizations like the Thunderbirds. These performers engage in intricate maneuvers, often flying in tight formation where the wingtips almost touch. In a typical formation, two or four aircraft can fly with a separation of just a few feet, making it nearly impossible to visually measure the distance. However, this close proximity is achieved through extensive practice and the use of clear communication and visual signals.

Cruise Formation and Visual Alignment

During cruise, the lead aircraft is responsible for navigation, communication, and safety. They ensure that all aircraft maintain a specific position relative to each other. Wingmen use visual alignment cues, such as aligning certain features on the lead aircraft. In the USN A-7E, for example, the wingman would look directly down the trailing edge of the lead's wing. Such alignment is crucial for maintaining position and ensuring that the formation remains steady even during complex maneuvers.

Visual References and Formation Changes

During formation flying, various visual references are used to maintain precision. In the formation photo of two US Navy T-2C aircraft, the forward canopy bow intersects with the wing. The tip end of the starboard fuel tank should be aligned with where the forward canopy bow joins the fuselage. This ensures that the wingman is correctly positioned relative to the lead aircraft. Similarly, the wing bisects the roundel symbol on the aircraft, providing a vertical reference point. These visual cues help the wingman maintain the correct position throughout the formation.

Formation Flying During Flight Operations

Formation flying is essential for several reasons. During approach and landing, aircraft may fly at a height of around 1,000 feet, aligning the formation with the runway. The lead aircraft will pitch out, followed by the wingmen turning 180 degrees to set up for landing. The separation is maintained to ensure a safe and efficient landing process. Once on the runway, each aircraft will taxi back and shut down in a controlled manner.

Adjusting Formation During Ocean Crossings

Crossing oceans, such as during patrol missions, can also require adjustments in formation. In these scenarios, the wingman may be as far as a couple of miles out, maintaining a specific position relative to the lead. If the lead needs to pull closer, they simply rock their wings, signaling the wingman to adjust. These non-verbal signals play a crucial role in maintaining formation without verbal communication.

Training and Practice: The Foundation of Formation Flying

Mastering formation flying takes a great deal of practice. Military pilots start early in their careers, honing their skills through rigorous training. This training involves understanding the principles of relative motion, position, and communication. Pilots learn to rely on visual cues and non-verbal signals to maintain precise relative positions. At night, the lead aircraft may turn off non-essential lights, illuminating the fuselage with formation lights to help the wingman maintain position.

In conclusion, formation flying in fighter jets is a blend of precision, coordination, and teamwork. Whether it's the high-flying Thunderbirds or Navy formations, the art of flying close and maintaining formation is a testament to the skill and dedication of military pilots.