The Enduring Pre-Colonial Spiritual Practices in Modern Catholic Philippines

Philippine spirituality is a rich tapestry woven from the threads of pre-colonial animist beliefs, Spanish colonial teachings, and American influences. Despite centuries of foreign rule, many ancient practices persist and are alive in the lives of many Filipinos, especially among the predominantly Catholic population. These traditions seamlessly blend with Catholic beliefs, creating a unique blend of folkeish Catholic practices that are deeply intertwined with the cultural and spiritual heritage of the Filipino people.

Introduction to Indigenous Spiritual Practices

While the 300 years of Spanish rule and over 50 years of American colonialism heavily influenced the religious landscape, they could not completely erase the pre-colonial spiritual and religious practices. Over 80% of the country identifies as Catholic, but within this faith, many people still follow beliefs that trace back to their Animist roots. These ancient traditions have adapted to integrate with Catholic faith, creating a syncretism that is both fascinating and complex.

Traditional Amulets (Anting-Anting)

Traditional amulets or Anting-Anting are a practice still observed among many Catholic Filipinos. This is part of a wider Southeast Asian tradition of wearing ornaments believed to possess supernatural powers. Agimat or amulets are thought to offer protection and power. Today, many Agimat have Catholic and Latin insignia and are often sold outside of churches, accompanied by incantations that are especially potent on Good Friday.

Customs of Pre-Colonial Art Forms (Palm Art or Palaspas)

Palm Art or Palaspas, a pre-colonial art form used in local shrines, is now a fixture in Palm Sunday celebrations. Woven palm fronds take on many forms and are associated with Palm Sunday. An early record of this custom can be found in the writings of Fray Juan de Plasencia, who noted in his 1589 work "Customs of the Tagalogs" that households would adorn their posts with lamps and the center with palm leaves woven into designs.

Food Offerings for Spirits

Food Offerings for Spirits is another ancient practice now part of Undas (All Saints Day) celebrations in November. The Ilocano people offer Atang, a unique food offering during Undas, which includes local delicacies laid out for the souls of the deceased. This tradition, called alay by Tagalogs and halad by Cebuanos, demonstrates cultural exchange with the rest of Asia while integrating with Catholic feasts.

Respect for Nature Spirits

Respect for Nature Spirits is a significant aspect of Filipino culture, as seen in phrases like "Tabi-tabi Po" and the reverence for Balete trees. "Tabi-tabi Po" reflects an act of respect in Tagalog culture, where people excuse themselves and pay homage to spirits that inhabit natural spots. Balete trees are believed to be homes to local anitos or spirits and are treated with respect and reverence, particularly in Siquijor, known for its reputation in sorcery. This reverence is similar to how Banyan trees are revered in other parts of Southeast and South Asia, where the leaf is a resting spot for Krishna in Hinduism.

Ancient Rites and Fertility Practices

Ancient Rites and Fertility Practices, such as the Obando Fertility Rites, are another example of pre-colonial practices that have adapted and integrated into Catholic traditions. The rites, originally performed for pre-colonial Tagalog gods, now take place during celebrations for the patron saints of Obando, Bulacan. These rites, referenced in José Rizal's novel Noli Me Tangere, are performed annually to honor St. Paschal Baylon, St. Clare of Assisi, and Our Lady of Salambáo.

Undas Traditions (Catholic Souling)

Undas Traditions such as Pangangaluluwa or the Tagalog tradition of souling, involve carolers who sing songs in exchange for treats, usually biko, during All Saints Day celebrations. This tradition is reminiscent of similar practices in other cultures, where soul cakes are offered to the spirits.

Morning Incense Offerings to Ships (Palina)

The small town of Liloan, Cebu, has a unique practice called Palina, where incense is burned at the start of every day for the well-being of ships in the harbor.

Traditional Medicinal Practices

Traditional Medicinal Practices, rooted in ancient spiritual methods, involve practices like Hilot, Albularyo, and Witchcraft. Hilot is a form of traditional healing, involving a manghihilot or healer who massages and treats the body to restore harmony. Albularyo, or witch doctors, use folk medicine for healing and are still widely recognized in provincial areas. Babaylan, the pre-colonial predecessors of these healers, continue their practices, particularly on Siquijor. Kulam, the opposite of albularyo, involves the use of black magic for sinister purposes.

New Year Celebrations and Water Festivals

New Year Celebrations and Water Festivals, once pre-colonial Kapampangan traditions, have been incorporated into modern patron saint festivities. For example, the Apung Iru Fluvial Procession, traditionally marking the new year called Dayung Danan, has been Christianized to celebrate St. Peter, but still includes native elements like a water procession and water fights. This event occurs around late June, marking the beginning of the rainy season, and is similar to New Year celebrations in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and Burma.

Conclusion

These practices, often intertwined with Catholic rituals, demonstrate the resilient cultural heritage of the Philippines. By blending ancient traditions with Catholic beliefs, Filipinos have created a unique and dynamic spiritual landscape that celebrates both old and new customs. The enduring nature of these practices highlights the deep-rooted cultural and spiritual identity of the Filipino people, making the tapestry of their religious practices both rich and complex.