Understanding Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy: Differences and Impacts on Cancer Treatment

I have experienced both chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and am currently on immunotherapy with a drug called Ketruda. The security measures for bringing these treatments to the nurse’s station were similar, reflecting the importance placed on safety in handling both. After a 2.5-year treatment journey for my ear, nose, and throat cancer, which no longer shows signs of growth, I can attest to the varying impacts of these treatments.

Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy—-A Comparative Overview

The fundamental approach to fighting cancer using chemotherapy and radiotherapy is similar, as both aim to kill cancer cells. However, the mechanisms and applications differ significantly, impacting the body and the patient in distinct ways.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy uses chemical agents to target and destroy cancer cells. Typically, these medications are administered orally or through an intravenous infusion into the bloodstream. The systemic nature of chemotherapy means that it affects cells throughout the body, making it particularly effective at combating cancer cells that have spread (metastasized) beyond the initial site. While this wide reach is advantageous, it also means that the treatment can damage normal cells, leading to various side effects. However, these side effects can be mitigated to a certain extent through careful management and supportive care.

Radiotherapy

Radiotherapy, on the other hand, employs ionizing radiation to treat cancer. The treatment is highly targeted, meaning it can be directed precisely at the site of the tumor. This targeted approach minimizes damage to surrounding healthy tissues, which is crucial for preserving the functionality of organs and reducing short-term side effects. However, this precision is not without its challenges, as the radiation can still cause significant side effects locally, especially in areas where the cancerous growth is concentrated.

The Difference in Application

The key difference between these two treatments lies in their mode of delivery and the way they target cancer cells:

Targeted Treatment: Radiotherapy is highly targeted, often aiming directly at the tumor site. This precision reduces the risk of affecting other parts of the body. However, this localized damage can still lead to severe side effects, such as fatigue, difficulty swallowing, and inflammation in the treated area. Systemic Treatment: Chemotherapy, as the name suggests, is a systemic treatment. It circulates throughout the body, reaching cancer cells wherever they are located. This makes chemotherapy more effective against metastasized cancer but also results in a wider range of side effects, including nausea, hair loss, and damage to healthy cells.

Choosing the Right Treatment

The decision between chemotherapy and radiotherapy is complex and must consider several factors, including the type and stage of cancer, the location of the tumor, the sensitivity of the tumor to radiation, and the patient’s overall health. Your oncologist will evaluate these factors and recommend the most appropriate treatment plan. Many patients may even undergo a combination of both therapies for optimal results.

Personal Experience

My personal experience with radiation therapy was intense due to the size of the tumor in my throat and mouth. The series of 35 radiation sessions directed at my throat and mouth affected me severely, causing extreme fatigue and severe headaches. Compared to chemotherapy, I experienced fewer side effects with 12 doses, with only minor sickness. The chemo was administered in the same method as Ketruda, via an intravenous port in my chest. Despite the challenges, the tumor in my throat and mouth eventually disappeared, a testament to the effectiveness of combined treatments.

Conclusion

Whether you are undergoing chemotherapy or radiotherapy, the path to recovery can be challenging. Understanding the differences between these treatments and how they impact your body is crucial for managing your care. As a stage 4 cancer patient, I am halfway to reaching the 50/50 survival rate, and I credit the combination of treatments for my continued remission. Whatever your treatment plan, stay informed, follow your healthcare team's advice, and stay positive. Your resilience is your greatest weapon.