Understanding High Functioning Autism and Asperger's Syndrome: A Historical and Clinical Perspective

When discussing the relationship between high functioning autism and Asperger's syndrome, it's important to understand both their historical context and their current classifications. This article explores these questions and clarifies why they are often considered the same condition.

Historical Context and Differences

The question of whether high functioning autism and Asperger's syndrome are distinct conditions has been a topic of debate for years. Historically, the differences between these two terms can be traced back to their definitions and clinical usage. The terms saw widespread use in the clinical community, but the distinction between them was often arbitrary and based on the clinician's preference.

Formally, Asperger's syndrome had a requirement of no language delay, a criterion that high functioning autism (HFA) did not have. In practice, the dividing line was often more about presentation specifics. People with HFA might exhibit "severe" symptoms, but needed fewer supports, leading to some to perceive them as "more autistic." However, this distinction is now largely irrelevant as neither term is used in clinical contexts.

Modern Classification and Terminology

One significant change in the classification of these conditions occurred with the release of the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) in 2013. Asperger's syndrome, which was previously classified as a separate condition, is now absorbed into the broader category of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).

This change was made for several reasons. Firstly, the DSM-5 sought to address the issue of language delay being a differentiating factor, which many found problematic. Additionally, the term 'Asperger's syndrome' had its origins in Nazi-era research, and has been deemed offensive by many. The term 'Asperger's' is now considered outdated and no longer used in clinical practice.

Many individuals with high functioning autism maintain a high level of intellectual functioning, often described as a 'genius level.' This perception of Asperger's syndrome as a mark of advanced intelligence was propagated by the now-discredited theories of Hans Asperger, who proposed that individuals with Asperger's brain were 'the next step in evolution.' This view is no longer held within the scientific community.

Current Understanding and Identification

Today, there is no longer any need to differentiate between Autism Spectrum Disorder and Asperger's syndrome. The key characteristics that were once used to distinguish between them are now considered part of the broader spectrum of autistic traits. These traits may include difficulties with social interaction, repetitive behaviors, and sensory sensitivities.

While the term 'Asperger's' is no longer used in clinical contexts, many individuals continue to self-identify with this term for personal reasons. For them, Asperger's is not about offensive historical origins or clinical differentiation, but rather a way to describe their own experiences and identity.

Conclusion

In conclusion, high functioning autism and Asperger's syndrome are, for all practical purposes, the same condition within the broader spectrum of autism. While there were historical definitions and clinical usage that distinguished them, these distinctions are now obsolete.

The evolution of our understanding of autism has led to more inclusive and respectful classifications, with the term 'Autism Spectrum Disorder' serving as the current standard. For those who continue to identify with the term Asperger's, it remains a personal identifier rather than a clinically defined condition.