Understanding the Differences Between Vicarious Trauma and Secondary Trauma

In the field of psychology and healthcare, terms like vicarious trauma and secondary traumatic stress (STS) are often used interchangeably. However, they have distinct definitions and implications, especially for those in professions that involve indirect exposure to trauma. This article aims to clarify the differences between vicarious trauma and secondary trauma, their symptoms, and how they affect individuals in various professions.

Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS)

What is Secondary Traumatic Stress? Secondary traumatic stress refers to the mental health challenges that arise when an individual hears about or is exposed to the distressing experiences of others. Unlike direct trauma, STS is an indirect form of trauma that affects individuals who work closely with trauma survivors or witness the aftermath of traumatic events.

Examples of Secondary Traumatic Stress

Firefighters and First Responders: Those who assist in disaster situations may experience STS due to witnessing the aftermath of traumatic events, even if they do not directly participate in the rescue. Examples include firefighters who experience distress while observing the horror of a high-rise fire. Nurses and ER Staff: Healthcare workers may develop STS after repeatedly treating victims of traumatic incidents, such as car accidents or physical assaults. Even a bystander who witnesses a traumatic event, like a car accident, can suffer from STS. Animal Welfare Workers: Professionals working with severely abused animals may develop STS due to the emotional and physical distress associated with their work.

Symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress

The symptoms of STS are similar to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). These include:

Flashbacks and nightmares Heightened arousal and hypervigilance Depersonalization and detachment Changes in mood and behavior Intense emotional reactions

Inner Trigger and Acute Exposure

STS can manifest suddenly after an acute exposure to traumatic events. This can be a single, intense event, such as witnessing a violent crime, where the individual feels powerless to help. The cumulative effect of constant exposure can also lead to STS, with symptoms building up over time.

Vicarious Trauma

What is Vicarious Trauma? Vicarious trauma is a specific form of secondary trauma that occurs when a helper or individual in a supportive role is deeply affected by the trauma stories of their clients or patients. Unlike STS, which can be triggered by watching or hearing about someone else's trauma, vicarious trauma involves a more immersive and empathetic response.

Examples of Vicarious Trauma

Trauma Workers: Mental health professionals, such as therapists, counselors, and social workers, who deal with individuals who have experienced traumatic events. For example, a sexual assault counselor who consistently hears harrowing stories and empathizes with the clients can develop vicarious trauma. Support Workers: People who work with trauma survivors in shelters, support groups, or advocacy organizations may experience vicarious trauma due to their deep involvement with the clients' stories.

Development and Symptoms of Vicarious Trauma

Unlike STS, which can occur after a single event, vicarious trauma develops over time as an individual repeatedly engages with clients or patients who have experienced trauma. The symptoms of vicarious trauma are similar to those of secondary trauma but often manifest more deeply due to the ongoing and empathetic nature of the interaction. Symptoms include:

Hopelessness and a pervasive sense of cynicism Decreased professional efficacy and a sense of being overwhelmed Physical and emotional exhaustion Difficulty disengaging from clients' traumatic stories Changes in personal relationships and work satisfaction

Differences Between Vicarious Trauma and Secondary Traumatic Stress

The key differences between vicarious trauma and secondary traumatic stress lie in the mechanism of the trauma and the type of exposure:

Vicarious Trauma: This form of trauma is closely linked to the empathetic and supportive role of the helper. It involves a mirroring of the client's trauma through profound emotional and cognitive engagement. The effects can be deeply personal and long-lasting. Secondary Traumatic Stress: This form of trauma is triggered by external sources, such as distressing stories or images of trauma. It is often acute and can be resolved over time with proper coping strategies.

Finding Support and Coping Strategies

Both vicarious trauma and secondary traumatic stress can be highly debilitating, but there are strategies to mitigate their impact:

Seeking professional counseling and support Engaging in self-care practices, such as exercise, mindfulness, and adequate rest Establishing interpersonal networks for emotional support Implementing work-life balance and time management strategies Utilizing debriefing sessions and peer support within the workplace

By understanding the differences between vicarious trauma and secondary traumatic stress, individuals and organizations can better support those who are at risk of developing these conditions. Recognizing the signs and seeking appropriate interventions is crucial for maintaining mental health and overall well-being.