Understanding the Impact of Family History on Cancer Risk

Cancer is a condition where normal cells begin to divide uncontrollably. Understanding the significance of a family history of cancer is crucial in assessing one's personal risk. This article explores how a family history of cancer can increase an individual's risk of developing any type of cancer, what specific cancers are influenced by genetic factors, and the steps one can take to manage this risk.

Does Family History Increase the Risk of Cancer?

Yes, having a family history of cancer can increase your risk of developing cancer. However, it does not necessarily guarantee that you will get cancer. Cancer risk is influenced by a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. If you have close relatives such as parents, siblings, or children who have been diagnosed with cancer, especially at a young age, it might indicate a potential genetic predisposition within the family.

Hereditary Components of Specific Cancers

Certain types of cancer, such as breast, ovarian, colorectal, and prostate cancer, can have a hereditary component. In these cases, specific gene mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations for breast and ovarian cancer, can be passed down through generations and significantly increase the risk of developing these cancers.

Importance of Family Medical History

It is essential to be aware of your family medical history and share this information with your healthcare provider. If there is a significant history of cancer in your family, your healthcare provider might recommend genetic counseling and testing to assess your risk. Genetic testing can identify specific gene mutations associated with an increased risk of cancer, allowing you to make informed decisions about your healthcare, such as increased surveillance or preventive measures.

Adopting a Healthy Lifestyle

Adopting a healthy lifestyle can further reduce the overall risk of cancer. This includes maintaining a balanced diet, regular physical activity, avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption, and protecting yourself from environmental factors like excessive sun exposure. For individuals with a family history of cancer, these lifestyle choices can be particularly beneficial.

Genetic Cancer Cases

While genetic cancer accounts for only 5 to 6 percent of all cancers, it's still a significant factor to consider. For example, first-line family members of a patient with colon cancer have double the risk for colon cancer than non-related people. This risk increases to 10-15% over a lifetime, compared to 5-7% for the general population.

Genetic Analysis and Proper Evaluation

If two blood relatives from two generations in your family have the same kind of cancer or related cancers, this could point to hereditary cancer, which requires a proper genetic analysis. Genetic analysis is not typically available from services like 23andMe, but should be conducted through a qualified healthcare professional, preferably in a clinical genetics department at a highly qualified center. The facility should have the necessary equipment to diagnose your condition.

Prior to seeking genetic analysis, compile a family tree that spans two generations including your own generation and their children. Note down their ages, health status, and any cancers diagnosed, including the types of cancer, ages of diagnosis, and causes of death for those deceased.

Specific types of related cancers include breast and ovarian cancers, often seen in individuals with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, and hereditary colon cancer in Lynch syndrome, which is also linked to womb, endometrial, ovarian, stomach, and bile duct cancer.

By understanding the potential impact of a family history of cancer, individuals can take proactive steps to monitor their health, make informed lifestyle choices, and seek appropriate genetic counseling and testing if necessary.