What Makes Us Unique as Humans Compared to Other Animals: A Cognition Perspective

The human brain is a marvel of nature, with its intricate network of billions of interconnected neurons that allow us to process and interpret information in ways far beyond those of other species. This article delves into what sets our cognition apart, exploring the biological and ontological differences that make us uniquely human. From the functioning of our brain to the development of our mind, we will uncover the secrets that distinguish us from the rest of the animal kingdom.

The Biological Basis of Human Cognition

The human brain works through a network of neurons that process information, transmitted via ion movements. The network's complexity is particularly highlighted by the prefrontal cortex, a region that allows for abstract thinking, planning, and solving complex problems. This area is central to our ability to exhibit advanced social and emotional intelligence, collectively making us a highly intelligent species.

While the physical differences between human and other animal brains exist, the true separation lies in our ontological relationship to the world. This relationship is characterized by 'projective imagination,' a unique way of creatively responding to and adapting our environment to our will. We do not merely adapt to survive, but actively transform our surroundings based on an envisioned 'better world' that is yet to exist.

The Evolution of Human Cognition

The emergence of this level of being is deeply rooted in the complexification of hominid evolution over the last several million years. The development of our mind is not solely a matter of brain evolution but is fundamentally connected to the communication processes of a social species. Our ancestors' capacity for socialization, care, and caretaking, particularly evident in the care of injured fellows, suggests that our social nature is integral to our cognitive development.

Brain Functioning: A Small-World Network Approach

The functioning of the human brain can be visualized as a small-world network, a concept introduced in chapter 4 of The Neuroscience of Intelligence by R. J. Haier. This network is energy-consuming and fueled by glucose from the bloodstream, making it a critical and complex structure. The brain's network is characterized by billions of interconnected neurons that process information quickly and efficiently.

Structural Complexity and Cognitive Functioning

The human brain is more complex than those of other species, requiring more information integration and filtering. This complexity leads to slower mental speeds compared to some other species, such as chimpanzees. A key area involved in this integration is the frontal cortex, particularly Brodmann Area 10, which is dedicated to the general factor of intelligence (psychometric g). The illustration below (source: Chapter 3 of The Neuroscience of Intelligence by R. J. Haier) shows the complex structure of the human brain and the location of Brodmann Area 10.

Illustration: Complex Structure of the Human Brain

The figure below illustrates two important points: first, it shows the complex structure of the human brain, and second, it clearly indicates the location of Brodmann Area 10. This area is critically involved in psychometric g, the general factor of intelligence that underpins our cognitive capabilities.

Conclusion

The unique aspect of human cognition lies not only in our biological complexity but also in our ontological relationship to the world. Our projective imagination and the ability to transcend our current reality to imagine a better one are key factors in our distinctiveness. Understanding these mechanisms can help us better appreciate the unique nature of human intelligence and the evolutionary journey that has shaped it.